| Jeju | |
|---|---|
| Cheju | |
| Spoken in | South Korea |
| Region | Jeju Island |
| Native speakers | 10,000 (2010)[1] |
| Language family |
Korean
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Linguist List | kor-che |
Jeju dialect (Korean: 제주 방언, Hanja: 濟州方言) is the Korean dialect, or in some classifications Koreanic language, of Jeju Island, South Korea—apart from the Chuja dialect of the former Bukjeju County area of Jeju City, which is a variety of Jeolla dialect. Jeju differs greatly from the dialects of the mainland, and preserves many archaic words which have since been lost in other Korean dialects. It has borrowed words from foreign languages that are not found in standard Korean, including 240 from Mongolian, 53 from Chinese, 50 words from Japanese, and 22 from Manchu. There are also many unique words which have not been traced to external sources, and which possibly derive from the language of the ancient kingdom of Tamna.
A notable difference between Jeju dialect and dialect of mainland Korea is a lack of formality and honorific deference to elders. For example, while a speaker of the Seoul dialect might say 안녕하세요 annyeonghaseyo ("Hello") to an older person, a speaker of the Jeju dialect would say 반갑수다 ban-gapsuda (lit., "Nice chatting" or "Nice talking"; roughly equivalent to "Howdy"). To many mainlanders, a child saying this to an adult would be appalling, but on the islands, a more "egalitarian" form of speech is used, perhaps a cultural idiosyncrasy that has hung on after the incorporation of Jeju itself (under the Tamna kingdom, which, though having subjugated itself to Korean states since the 7th century, was not brought under the full centralized control of a Korean state until 1404) into Korea.
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The Jeju dialect has less than 10,000 fluent speakers, all born before 1950.
In January 2011, UNESCO addded the Jeju dialect to its Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, along with the Koro language in India as a "critically endangered language".[1]
There are 9 vowels, ㅣ /i/, ㅔ /e/, ㅐ /ɛ/, ㅡ /ɨ/, ㅓ /ʌ/, ㅏ /a/, ㅜ /u/, ㅗ /o/, ㆍ /ɒ/. Jeju maintains the arae-a vowel ㆍ /ɒ/, which has been lost from standard Korean.
Middle Korean /kj/ > Jeju /t͡ɕ/ (e.g. Middle Korean /kjər/ > Jeju /t͡ɕər/ "wave")
Middle Korean /əːj/ > Jeju /i/ (e.g. Middle Korean /kəːj/ > Jeju /ki(ŋi)/ "crab")
Examples:
| English | Jeju dialect (in standard Hangul) |
Jeju dialect (in the Revised Romanization of Korean [RR]) |
Standard Korean (in standard Hangul) |
Standard Korean (in RR) |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Welcome!" | 혼저옵서예 | hɒnjeo opseoye | 어서 오세요 | eoseo oseyo | |
| "father" | 아방 | abang | 아버지 | abeoji | |
| "mother" | 어멍 | eomeong | 어머니 | eomeoni | |
| "grandfather; old man" | 하르방 | hareubang | 할아버지 | harabeoji | |
| "grandmother; old woman" | 할망 | halmang | 할머니 | halmeoni | |
| "uncle; middle-aged man" | 아즈방 | ajeubang | 아저씨, 아주버니 | ajeossi, ajubeoni | |
| "aunt; middle-aged woman" | 아즈망 | ajeumang | 아주머니, 아줌마 | ajumeoni, ajumma | |
| "elder brother (of a female)" | 오라방 | orabang | 오빠, 오라비 | oppa, orabi | |
| "daughter" | 똘 | ttɒl | 딸 | ttal | |
| "the wife's father; a man's father-in-law" | 가시아방 | gasiabang | 가시아버지 | gasiabeoji | Standard North Korean gasiabeoji is native Korean word, whereas Standard South Korean word 장인 丈人 jang-in is Sino-Korean. Jeju dialect gasi- as in gasiabang is a fossilization of the genitive form of Middle Korean gat (or gas, means "wife") |
| "man" | 손아이 | sɒnai | 남자, 사나이 | namja, sanai | |
| "woman" | 지집빠이 | jijib-bbai | 여자, 계집애 | yeoja, gyejibae | |
| "maiden" | 비바리 | bibari | 처녀 | cheonyeo | Unlike Jeju dialect bibari, Standard Korean word cheonyeo is Sino-Korean. |
| "not likely" | 가물어 | gamureo | 설마 | seolma | |
| "neck" | 야개기 | yagaegi | 목 | mok | |
| "tree, shrub; wood" | 낭 | nang | 나무 | namu | Stem of the Korean word for "tree, shrub; wood" was namg- in Middle Korean |
| "zelkova tree" | 굴묵낭 | gulmungnang | 느티나무 | neutinamu | |
| "grass" | 태역 | taeyeok | 잔디 | jandi | |
| "vegetable" | 송키 | songki | 채소 | chaeso | Jeju dialect songki is similar to Manchu sogi ("vegetable"), whereas Standard Korean word chaeso 菜蔬 is Sino-Korean.
. |
| "potato" | 지실 | jisil | 감자 | gamja | |
| "puppy" | 강생이 | gangsaeng-i | 강아지 | gang-aji | |
| "cat" | 고냉이 | gonaeng-i | 고양이 | goyang-i | |
| "Siberian roe deer" | 노리 | nori | 노루 | noru | |
| "ax" | 도치 | dochi | 도끼 | dokki | The word for "ax" appeared variously as dosguy, dosgeuy, or dochɒy in Middle Korean |
| "mountain, hill, (esp.) parasitic cone" | 오름 | oreum | 산 or 뫼, 메 | san or moe, me | Jeju dialect oreum or orɒm is similar to Mongolian ūla ("mountain") and Manchu alin ("mountain"). Although it rather sounds closer to the literal meaning of oreum itself; oreum literally means "an elevation" or its implied meaning: "an elevated space." |
| "ear of grain" | 고고리 | gogori | 이삭 | isak | |
| "there" | 그디 | geudi | 거기 | geogi | Jeju dialect uses -di instead of -(eo)gi to form locational deictic pronouns |
| "here" | 이디 | idi | 여기 | yeogi | |
| "crab" | 깅이 | ging-i | 게 | ge | |
| "bird" | 생이 | saeng-i | 새 | sae | |
| "radish" | 놈삐 or 무수 | nombbi or musu | 무 | mu | Jeju dialect musu is cognate with Standard Korean muu but derived from a different Middle Korean variant. Note similarity with Manchu mursa ("large, white, globular Chinese radish"). The etymology of Jeju dialect nombbi is obscure. |
| "sock" | 대비 | daebi | 양말 | yangmal | Jeju dialect daebi < Japanese tabi ("traditional Japanese socks") |
| "pig" | 도새기 | dosaegi | 돼지 | dwaeji | |
| "pork" | 돗괴기 | dotgoegi | 돼지고기 | dwaejigogi | |
| "chicken egg" | 독새기 | doksaegi | 달걀 or 계란 | dalgyal or gyeran | |
| "lettuce" | 부루 | buru | 상추 | sangchu | Standard Korean sangchu, reflecting Korean pronunciation shifts, originated from the Sino-Korean word sangchae 常菜. |
| "change (at the end of a monetary transaction)" | 주리 | juri | 거스름돈 | geoseureumdon | Jeju dialect juri < Japanese tsuri (id.) |
| "wave" | 절 | jeol | 물결 or 파도 | mulggyeol or pado | Jeju dialect jeol < Middle Korean gyeol (id.); cognate with the second syllable of Standard Korean mulggyeol |
| "purple eulalia" | 어욱 | eouk | 억새 | eoksae | |
| "early" | 인칙 | inchik | 일찍 | iljjik | |
| "powder of roast grain" | 개역 | gaeyeok | 미숫가루 | misutgaru | |
| "buckwheat" | 모물, 모몰, 모믈 | momul, momol, momeul | 메밀 | memil | |
| "dust" | 몬독 | mondok | 먼지 | meonji | |
| "chick" | 빙애기 | bing-aegi | 병아리 | byeong-ari | |
| "umbrella" | 가사 | gasa | 우산 | usan | Jeju dialect gasa is borrowed from Japanese kasa 笠・傘 ("wide-brimmed hat; umbrella, parasol"), whereas Standard Korean word usan 雨傘 is Sino-Korean. |
| "walking stick, staff" | 몽댕이 | mongdaeng-i | 지팡이 | jipang-i | Jeju dialect mongdaeng-i is cognate with Standard Korean 몽둥이 mongdung-i ("club, cudgel, baton, stick"). |
| "all, everything" | 몬딱 | monddak | 모두 | modu | |
| "kitchen" | 정지 | jeongji | 부엌 | bueok | The word jeongji is not unique to Jeju dialect but it is also used in Gyeongsang and Jeolla dialect speaking regions. |
| "much, lots" | 하영 | hayeong | 많이 | mani | |
| "a small quantity; a little" | 호꼼, 호끔 | hoggom, hoggeum | 조금 | jogeum |
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